It is determined for the insects as well as for the star Human beings, vegetables, or cosmic dust – we all dance to a mysterious tune, intoned in the distance by an invisible piper.” – Albert Einstein Three Stringed Guitar 61 65 66 70 Chapter 6: Wind Instruments The Mechanical Reed Lip and Air Reeds Open Pipes Closed Pipes The End Effect Changing Pitch More About Brass Instruments More about Woodwind instruments INVESTIGATION: The Nose flute INVESTIGATION: The Sound Pipe INVESTIGATION: The Toy Flute INVESTIGATION: The Trumpet PROJECT: Building a Set of PVC Panpipes 72 73 74 75 76 78 79 79 81 83 86 89 91 96 Chapter 7: Percussion Instruments Bars or Pipes With Both Ends Free Bars or Pipes With One End Free Toward a “Harmonic” Idiophone INVESTIGATION: The Harmonica INVESTIGATION: The Music Box Action PROJECT: Building a Copper Pipe Xylophone References 97 97 99 100 102 107 110 111 Contents Back “Everything is determined by forces over which we have no control. LAPP, FELLOW WRIGHT CENTER FOR INNOVATIVE SCIENCE EDUCATION TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS Back TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Waves and Sound Wave Nomenclature Sound Waves ACTIVITY: Orchestral Sound Wave Interference ACTIVITY: Wave Interference 5 7 8 15 18 19 Chapter 2: Resonance Introduction to Musical Instruments Wave Impedance 20 25 26 Chapter 3: Modes, overtones, and harmonics ACTIVITY: Interpreting Musical Instrument Power Spectra Beginning to Think About Musical Scales Beats 27 34 37 38 Chapter 4: Musical Scales ACTIVITY: Consonance The Pythagorean Scale The Just Intonation Scale The Equal Temperament Scale A Critical Comparison of Scales ACTIVITY: Create a Musical Scale ACTIVITY: Evaluating Important Musical Scales 40 44 45 47 50 52 55 57 Chapter 5: Stringed Instruments Sound Production in Stringed Instruments INVESTIGATION: The Guitar PROJECT: Building a Start Here THE PHYSICS OF MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS f1 f3 f5 f7 DAVID R.
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